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1 πένομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to exert oneself, to toil, to work, to prepare, to provide' (Il.), `to exert onself, to (have to) do hard labour, to be poor, to lack smth.' (Sol., trag., Pl.).Other forms: only pres. a. ipf.Derivatives: 1. πενία, ion. - ίη f. `poverty, lack' (ξ 157; Scheller Oxytonierung 23 a. 39); 2. πενιχρ-ός `poor, devoid of smth.' (γ 348; cf. zu μελιχρός s. μέλι) with - ότης f. (S. E.). - αλέος `id.' (AP). 3. πένης, - ητος m. (f. πένησσα πτωχή H.) `who has to live from the labour of his hands, needy, poor' in opposition both to πλούσιος and to πτωχός = `begging, destitute' (IA.) with πενέσ-τερος, - τατος (X., D.); after ἀσθενέσ-τερος a.o.; not with Schwyzer 535 from *πενετ-τερος); from it πενητ-εύω `to be poor' (Emp.), - υλίδας m. "son of poverty" (Cerc.), from a hypocor. *Πενητ-ύλος (as Φειδ-ύλος, Πενθ-ύλος a.o.). -- 4. πόνος m. `(hard) labour, effort, struggle, sorrow, pain, fruit of the labour' (Il.; on the meaning Trümpy Fachausdrücke 148 ff.); also as 2. member, e.g. παυσί-πονος `ending pain' (E., Ar. in lyr.); but ματαιο-πόνος a.o. to πονέομαι, s. v. From it πον-ηρός `toilsome, useless, bad, evil' (IA.) with - ηρία, - ηρεύομαι, - ήρευμα; πονόεις `id.' (Man.). -- 5. Iterative deverbative πονέομαι, also w. ἀμφι-, δια- a.o. (Il., mostly in the older language), πονέω, also w. δια-, ἐκ-, κατα- a.o. (posthom.) `to exert oneself, to provide, to suffer', trans. `to cause pain'. As 2. member a.o. in ματαιο-πονέω `to labour in vain' (Democr.) with - πονία (Str.), - πόνημα (Iamb.), - πόνος (Plu., Gal.). From it πόν-ημα ( δια-) n. `labour, work' (Pl., E. u.a.), - ησις ( δια-, κατα-) f. `labour, effort' (Plu., D. L.); as backformation e.g. διάπον-ος `working hard, weary' (Plu.) from δια-πονέω. 6. Beside it πονάω only in ἐπονάθη (Pi.) and ἐπόνασαν (Theoc.); s. Schwyzer 719 w. n. 1.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Not certainly explained. The primary present πένομαι, which was pushed back and replaced by its own iterative πονέομαι, - έω and by its synonyms, e.g. κάμνω, δέω, is in the epos used esp. of domestic labour (cf. Porzig Satzinhalte 15). The meaning `want, lack, be poor' (from where πενία and πενιχρός already since Od.) developed from there like Lat. laborare `exert oneself', also `be in need, be pressed' (unargumented doubt in WP. 2, 661). Unclear is however the earlier history of the meaning. Possible is, that πένομαι orig. indicated a certain kind of domesic labour and from there was generalized. One may compare in that case expressions for `stretch, twist, weave' in Lith. pìnti `twist', OCS pęti `stretch', Arm. hanum and henum `weave', further OHG etc. spin. As the basic meaning of this verb seems to have been `unharness', one may also from there through `harness oneself' come to `exert oneself' (cf. Arm. y-enum `stem or stut smthing with hands or shoulders'?). Thus (after Schleicher, Benfey, Fick; s. Curtius 271f.) Pedersen KZ 39, 414 and Persson Beitr. 1, 411 ff.; further combinations in WP. 2, 660ff., Pok. 988, W.-Hofmann s. pendeō. As however the semantic development can be interpreted in diff. ways, this etymology, though quite possible, cannot be proven. A loan is hard to envisage. -- On the meaning of πένητες and πλούσιοι and synonyms and of πενία and πλοῦτος s. J. Hemelrijk Πενία en Πλοῦτος. Diss. Utrecht 1925. Cf. πεῖνα und σπάνις.Page in Frisk: 2,504-506Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πένομαι
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2 σφήν
σφήν, σφηνόςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `wedge' (A. Pr. 64, Ar., Arist., hell. pap.).Compounds: Some compp., e.g. σφηνό-πους, - ποδος `with wedge-shaped feet' ( κλίνη; Ceos Va; cf. σφανίον below and Sommer Nominalkomp. 30), ἐπί-σφηνος `wedge-shaped' (Lebadeia, Strömberg Prefix Studies 100), ἀντι-σφήν `counter-wedge' (Ph. Bel.).Derivatives: 1. Dimin. σφην-ίσκος m. (Hp. a.o.), - άριον n. (late medic.), uncertain - ίς, - ίδιον (Hero). 2. σφανίον κλινίδιον and ἐν σφανίῳ ἐν κλιναρίῳ H. (Schulze KZ 45, 190f. = Kl. Schr. 379); but παρα-σφήν-ιον n. `side-wedge' (hell. inscr. a. pap.) hypostasis. 3. - όομαι, - όω, often w. prefix, e.g. ἀπο-, δια-, παρα-, `wedged in, to be wedged, to wedge (in)' (Arist., medic., hell. a. late) with σφήνωσις ( ἀπο-, δια-, ἐπι-) f. `the wedging in' (medic. a.o.), ἀποσφήν-ωμα n. `wedge-shaped block' (pap. IIp).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: From σφανίον and Cean σφηνόπους, of which the Η cannot render PGr. ē but must contain a PGr. a-sound, we get for σφήν a basic form *σφά̄ν, if need be *σφανσ- (cf. χήν) or *σφα-ην (WP. 2, 652f., Pok. 980, Schwyzer 487 n. 7 w. lit.; diff. Wahrmann Glotta 6, 162ff.). Through this the traditional identification (since Kuhn KZ 4, 15) with a Germ. word for `chip' in OHG spān, OE spōn, OWNo. spānn, spōnn, PGm. * spēn-u-, must be given up. The words given sub σπάθη may be compared. -- Skt. sphyá- n. m. approx. `slice, kind of oar etc.' (on the meaning Janert KZ 79, 89ff.) remains far; hypothesis by Thieme Die Heimat d. idg. Gemeinspr. 16 (agreeing Janert l.c.): to NHG Espe etc.; against this Hiersche Ten. aspiratae 164 f. -- So no etym.Page in Frisk: 2,830-831Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σφήν
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3 σφηνός
σφήν, σφηνόςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `wedge' (A. Pr. 64, Ar., Arist., hell. pap.).Compounds: Some compp., e.g. σφηνό-πους, - ποδος `with wedge-shaped feet' ( κλίνη; Ceos Va; cf. σφανίον below and Sommer Nominalkomp. 30), ἐπί-σφηνος `wedge-shaped' (Lebadeia, Strömberg Prefix Studies 100), ἀντι-σφήν `counter-wedge' (Ph. Bel.).Derivatives: 1. Dimin. σφην-ίσκος m. (Hp. a.o.), - άριον n. (late medic.), uncertain - ίς, - ίδιον (Hero). 2. σφανίον κλινίδιον and ἐν σφανίῳ ἐν κλιναρίῳ H. (Schulze KZ 45, 190f. = Kl. Schr. 379); but παρα-σφήν-ιον n. `side-wedge' (hell. inscr. a. pap.) hypostasis. 3. - όομαι, - όω, often w. prefix, e.g. ἀπο-, δια-, παρα-, `wedged in, to be wedged, to wedge (in)' (Arist., medic., hell. a. late) with σφήνωσις ( ἀπο-, δια-, ἐπι-) f. `the wedging in' (medic. a.o.), ἀποσφήν-ωμα n. `wedge-shaped block' (pap. IIp).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: From σφανίον and Cean σφηνόπους, of which the Η cannot render PGr. ē but must contain a PGr. a-sound, we get for σφήν a basic form *σφά̄ν, if need be *σφανσ- (cf. χήν) or *σφα-ην (WP. 2, 652f., Pok. 980, Schwyzer 487 n. 7 w. lit.; diff. Wahrmann Glotta 6, 162ff.). Through this the traditional identification (since Kuhn KZ 4, 15) with a Germ. word for `chip' in OHG spān, OE spōn, OWNo. spānn, spōnn, PGm. * spēn-u-, must be given up. The words given sub σπάθη may be compared. -- Skt. sphyá- n. m. approx. `slice, kind of oar etc.' (on the meaning Janert KZ 79, 89ff.) remains far; hypothesis by Thieme Die Heimat d. idg. Gemeinspr. 16 (agreeing Janert l.c.): to NHG Espe etc.; against this Hiersche Ten. aspiratae 164 f. -- So no etym.Page in Frisk: 2,830-831Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σφηνός
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